The Geneva Conventions are important not only for their efforts in protecting civilians during armed conflict, but the impact they can have on the wider IHL regime towards the protection of cultural heritage. Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols The Geneva Conventions also embody this distinction. International humanitarian law (IHL) distinguishes armed conflicts into: (1) international armed conflicts, with two or more opposing states, and (2) non-international armed conflicts, between governmental forces and non-governmental armed groups within the state. This piece attempts to outline the rules of international law, including humanitarian law governing the protection of cultural property, and compares various instruments that form part of this regime. An articulation of this ethos in conjunction with the development of principles, such as military necessity, assist in understanding how and why the rules governing the protection of cultural property in times of armed conflict may be regarded as part of international humanitarian law.Īpart from the (treaty) obligations discussed below, even if a state is not a party to a treaty governing the protection of cultural property in armed conflict, it is still bound by obligations imposed by customary international law – that is, by norms developed over time because of the maintenance of a general practice accepted as law among states. The protection of cultural property is crucial to the preservation of civilisations’ historical experiences. Recent times have witnessed widespread destruction of cultural property, including over 150 cultural sites in Ukraine.
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